Managerialism

Managerialism is the reliance on professional managers and organizational strategies to run an organisation. It may be justified in terms of efficiency, or characterized as an ideology.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] It is a belief system that requires little or no evidence to justify itself.^[ambiguous] Thomas Diefenbach^[5] associates managerialism with a belief in hierarchy. Other scholars have linked managerialism to control,^[6] accountability,^[7] measurement, strategic planning and a belief in the importance of tightly-managed organizations.^[8]

Following Enteman's 1993 classic^{[according to whom?]} on Managerialism: The Emergence of a New Ideology,^[9] American management experts Robert R. Locke and J. C. Spender see managerialism as an expression of a special group – management – that entrenches itself ruthlessly and systemically in an organization.^[10] It deprives owners of decision-making power and workers of their ability to resist managerialism. In fact, the rise of managerialism may in itself be a response to people's resistance in society and more specifically to workers' opposition against managerial regimes.

^ "Define: managerialism". google.com. Over-reliance on the use of incompetent managers to administer an organisation
^ Glover, Ian (2000). "Managerialism: the Emergence of a New Ideology". Journal of Management Development. 19 (7): 654–664. doi:10.1108/jmd.2000.19.7.654.3.
^ Klikauer, Thomas (2015). "What Is Managerialism?". Critical Sociology. 41 (7–8): 1103–1119. doi:10.1177/0896920513501351. S2CID 143614196.
^ Shepherd, Sue (2018). "Managerialism: an ideal type". Studies in Higher Education. 43 (9): 1668–1678. doi:10.1080/03075079.2017.1281239.
^ Diefenbach, Thomas (2013-06-21). Hierarchy and Organisation: Toward a General Theory of Hierarchical Social Systems. Routledge. ISBN 9780415843928.
^ For example: Enteman, Willard F. (1993). "7: Managerialism". Managerialism: The Emergence of a New Ideology. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 164. ISBN 9780299139247. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Managerialism does not hold that the corporation is so driven by an organic principle that individual managers have no effective choice in giving it direction. Whether the organization behaves in an organic way is, to an important extent, a result of the management's efforts, and the direction of that organic force is something over which management attempts to exercise control. Thus, managerialism has not accepted the underlying determinism of capitalism and socialism.
^ Miller, Karen Johnston; McTavish, Duncan (October 2013). "9: Public policy and accountability". Making and Managing Public Policy. Routledge Masters in Public Management. London: Routledge (published 2014). p. 216. ISBN 9781135016906. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Accountability as managerialism [...] Hood and Lodge (2006: 186-187; Hood and Scott 2000) argue that NPM and managerialism have changed the nature of the public service bargain. [...] Thus, to demonstrate results, managerial accountability is employed with a combination of market accountability with more 'customer' focus to users of public services, and performance management regimes. The idea is to ensure that bureaucrats are more responsive to users of services (downward accountability) and report results and policy delivery to political masters (upward accountability). Ironically[,] managerial regimes have had unintended outcomes with civil servants becoming defensive about performance rather than being innovative – the exact opposite of what managerial regimes are designed to achieve.
^ MacBeath, John; Dempster, Neil; Frost, David; Johnson, Greer; Swaffield, Sue (9 March 2018). "The policy challenge". Strengthening the Connections between Leadership and Learning: Challenges to Policy, School and Classroom Practice. Routledge (published 2018). ISBN 9781351165303. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Managerialism may be described as seductive because it has an easy appeal with its endorsement of efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability. [...] This seductive argument has it that schools, and the organisations in which they are embedded, need to be more tightly managed, more transparent, and thus more easily held to account by their 'stakeholders'.
^ Enteman, Willard Finley (1993). Managerialism: The Emergence of a New Ideology. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299139247. Retrieved 2017-10-05.
^ Locke, Robert R.; Spender, J.-C. (2011-09-08). Confronting Managerialism: How the Business Elite and Their Schools Threw Our Lives Out of Balance (2011 ed.). Zed Books. ISBN 9781780320717.

[1] "Define: managerialism". google.com. Over-reliance on the use of incompetent managers to administer an organisation

[2] Glover, Ian (2000). "Managerialism: the Emergence of a New Ideology". Journal of Management Development. 19 (7): 654–664. doi:10.1108/jmd.2000.19.7.654.3.

[3] Klikauer, Thomas (2015). "What Is Managerialism?". Critical Sociology. 41 (7–8): 1103–1119. doi:10.1177/0896920513501351. S2CID 143614196.

[4] Shepherd, Sue (2018). "Managerialism: an ideal type". Studies in Higher Education. 43 (9): 1668–1678. doi:10.1080/03075079.2017.1281239.

[5] Diefenbach, Thomas (2013-06-21). Hierarchy and Organisation: Toward a General Theory of Hierarchical Social Systems. Routledge. ISBN 9780415843928.

[6] For example: Enteman, Willard F. (1993). "7: Managerialism". Managerialism: The Emergence of a New Ideology. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 164. ISBN 9780299139247. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Managerialism does not hold that the corporation is so driven by an organic principle that individual managers have no effective choice in giving it direction. Whether the organization behaves in an organic way is, to an important extent, a result of the management's efforts, and the direction of that organic force is something over which management attempts to exercise control. Thus, managerialism has not accepted the underlying determinism of capitalism and socialism.

[7] Miller, Karen Johnston; McTavish, Duncan (October 2013). "9: Public policy and accountability". Making and Managing Public Policy. Routledge Masters in Public Management. London: Routledge (published 2014). p. 216. ISBN 9781135016906. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Accountability as managerialism [...] Hood and Lodge (2006: 186-187; Hood and Scott 2000) argue that NPM and managerialism have changed the nature of the public service bargain. [...] Thus, to demonstrate results, managerial accountability is employed with a combination of market accountability with more 'customer' focus to users of public services, and performance management regimes. The idea is to ensure that bureaucrats are more responsive to users of services (downward accountability) and report results and policy delivery to political masters (upward accountability). Ironically[,] managerial regimes have had unintended outcomes with civil servants becoming defensive about performance rather than being innovative – the exact opposite of what managerial regimes are designed to achieve.

[8] MacBeath, John; Dempster, Neil; Frost, David; Johnson, Greer; Swaffield, Sue (9 March 2018). "The policy challenge". Strengthening the Connections between Leadership and Learning: Challenges to Policy, School and Classroom Practice. Routledge (published 2018). ISBN 9781351165303. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Managerialism may be described as seductive because it has an easy appeal with its endorsement of efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability. [...] This seductive argument has it that schools, and the organisations in which they are embedded, need to be more tightly managed, more transparent, and thus more easily held to account by their 'stakeholders'.

[9] Enteman, Willard Finley (1993). Managerialism: The Emergence of a New Ideology. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299139247. Retrieved 2017-10-05.

[10] Locke, Robert R.; Spender, J.-C. (2011-09-08). Confronting Managerialism: How the Business Elite and Their Schools Threw Our Lives Out of Balance (2011 ed.). Zed Books. ISBN 9781780320717.

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